ABSTRACT The present study aimed to verify whether the inclusion of other ingredients in the diet of laying hens could interfere with the traceability of bovine meat and bone meal (BMBM) in eggs through stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. Two hundred and fifty-six white laying hens were used and randomly distributed into eight treatments composed of: CONTROL: control diet; GLUTEN: control diet + corn gluten; YEAST: control diet + yeast; GLUTEN + YEAST: control diet + corn gluten + yeast; BMBM: control diet + 4.5 % BMBM; BMBM + GLUTEN: control diet + corn gluten + 4.5 % BMBM; BMBM + YEAST: control diet + yeast + 4.5 % BMBM; BMBM + GLUTEN + YEAST: control diet + corn gluten + yeast + 4.5 % BMBM. The isotopic results were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and LDA multivariate linear discriminant analysis. At 28 days, the eggs of the birds given diets without the addition of BMBM differed from the CONTROL group. The yolks showed that all treatments were significantly different from the CONTROL, and at 56 days, all eggs and egg yolks were different from the CONTROL. At 28 days, albumen was significantly different for all CONTROL experimental treatments; however, at 56 days, the YEAST treatment showed no difference from the control. Thus, it was concluded that even with the addition of other ingredients, the isotope technique is still able to detect the BMBM in eggs.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of chromium yeast (Cr yeast) and two apparent metabolizable energy (AME) levels on productive performance, egg quality, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in laying hens. A total of 192 Bovans White laying hens at 47 weeks of age were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments (six replicates each) in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement: four levels of supplemental Cr (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm as Cr yeast) and two AME levels (2,780 and 2,900 kcal AME kg−1). No significant effect of Cr yeast supplementation on feed intake, egg weight, egg production, intact eggs, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, or egg quality was observed. Egg quality parameters and Cr content in the yolk were not affected by dietary treatments. Plasma glucose and lipid levels were not influenced by either Cr yeast or AME levels used in this study. However, Cr yeast supplementation improved yolk percentage and hepatic glycogen content. The inclusion of Cr yeast at 0.2 and 0.4 ppm induced the highest hepatic glycogen content with the energy levels 2,900 and 2,780 kcal AME kg−1, respectively. Laying hens fed 2,900 kcal AME kg−1 showed the highest abdominal fat. The results observed in the present study support the hypothesis that the lack of positive effects of Cr yeast supplementation on production performance and egg quality may be related to good management practices, as the birds were not subjected to stressful conditions.

ABSTRACT This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the association of different digestible arginine and phytogenic additive dietary levels on performance and health status of brown-egg layers. In this study, a total of 504 33-week-old Hisex Brown layers were distributed into a completely randomized experimental design to a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement (dietary digestible arginine levels: 880, 968, 1056, or 1144 mg/kg of feed × phytogenic additive levels: 0, 100, and 200 mg/kg of feed) with six replicate cages of seven birds per cage. The phytogenic additive was composed of extracts of Baccharis dracunculifolia (40%), Astragalus membranaceus lipopolysaccharides (20%), cinnamon, and grape seed (20%). Feed intake was reduced when diets containing 1056 mg of arginine were supplemented with 100 or 200 mg phytogenic additive per kg. Feed conversion ratio was improved when diets were supplemented with 100 mg of phytogenic additive or with 1056 mg of arginine per kg of feed. Egg mass was increased when diets were supplemented with 1056 mg arginine per kg of feed. Arginine supplementation quadratically increased albumen percentage and reduced yolk percentage. Higher arginine and phytogenic additive levels reduced heterophyl:lymphocyte ratio and blood uric acid, total cholesterol, very-low density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels. Dietary supplementation of 100 mg of phytogenic additive associated with high arginine levels increased nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages and 1056 mg of arginine increased antibodies titers against Newcastle disease virus. Blood and intestinal malonaldehyde levels were reduced when 200 mg of the phytogenic additive was added. Dietary supplementation of 968 mg of arginine or 100 mg of a phytogenic additive (40% Baccharis dracunculifolia, 20% Astragalus membranaceus, 20% cinnamon, and 20% grape seed extracts) per kilogram of diet improves the feed conversion ratio and associated inclusion of 1144 mg of arginine and 100 mg of phytogenic additive per kilogram of diet improves immune responses and health status of brown-egg layers.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic additives and glutamine plus glutamic acid, associated or not, on histomorphometry of bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, oocyst count and lesion scores, and carbon turnover of duodenal mucosa of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. A total of 450 male broiler chickens was distributed into a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of control diet (CD); CD + coccidiosis vaccine; CD + antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial (APE/AC); CD + glutamine and glutamic acid (Gln/Glu); CD + phytogenic additives (PA); CD + Gln/Glu + PA. Birds on treatment CD + vaccine were vaccinated via drinking water at three days of age against coccidiosis. At 16 days of age all birds of all treatments were inoculated orally and individually with 500,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina. There was no treatment effect on lesion score in the intestinal epithelium of birds. The smaller number of excreted oocysts was observed in groups of birds fed diets containing APE/AC and PA. Were observed better results of villus height and crypt depth for duodenum and ileum of birds of treatments containing Gln/Glu at 7 days of age, and Gln/Glu and PA at 21 days of age. Higher percentage of cortical area from bursa follicles was observed in birds fed diets supplemented with Gln/Glu and PA at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. Increased turnover of intestinal mucosa was observed in treatments containing Gln/Glu, indicating acceleration in development and regeneration of damaged tissue. Glutamine plus glutamic acid and phytogenic additives can provide improvements to structure, and thus to intestinal function, as well as to better immune response against the infectious challenges. Phytogenic additives can be used for coccidiosis control of broiler chickens where the use of antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidials is prohibited.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos aditivos fitogênicos e da glutamina mais ácido glutâmico, associados ou não, sobre a histomorfometria da Bursa de Fabricius e intestino delgado, sobre contagem de oocistos e escores de lesão e sobre o turnover do carbono da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte experimentalmente infectadas com Eimeria acervulina. Para isso foram utilizados 450 pintos de corte machos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com seis tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dieta controle (DC); DC + Vacina de coccidiose; DC + antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidiano (AMD/AC); DC + glutamina e ácido glutâmico (Gln/Glu); DC + sditivos fitogênicos (AFs); DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. As aves do tratamento DC + Vacina foram vacinadas via água de bebida, aos três dias de idade, contra coccidiose. Aos 16 dias de idade todas as aves de todos os tratamentos foram inoculadas oralmente e individualmente com 500.000 oocistos de Eimeria acervulina. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para escore de lesão no epitélio intestinal das aves. O menor número de oocistos excretados foi observado nos grupos de aves alimentadas com dieta contendo AMD/AC e AFs. Foram observados melhores resultados para altura das vilosidades e profundidade das criptas do duodeno e ílio das aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, aos 7 dias de idade e Gln/Glu e AFs aos 21 dias de idade. Maior porcentagem de área cortical dos folículos bursais foi observada em aves alimentadas com dieta suplementada com Gln/Glu e AFs aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de idade. Maior turnover da mucosa intestinal foi observada em aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, indicando aceleração do desenvolvimento e regeneração do tecido lesado. Glutamina mais ácido glutâmico e aditivos fitogênicos podem oferecer melhorias à estrutura e, consequentemente, à função do intestino, bem como melhores condições para resposta imune frente à desafios infecciosos. Aditivos fitogênicos podem ser utilizados no controle da coccidiose em criações de frangos de corte onde é proibida a utilização de antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidianos.

Este trabalho objetivou determinar o turnover do carbono no Pectoralis major, quilha, tíbia e fígado de frangos de corte em seus diferentes períodos de crescimento, utilizando a técnica dos isótopos estáveis. Foram utilizados 216 pintos de corte, machos, Cobb. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e consistiu de sete tratamentos com dias de substituição das dietas distintos: 0; 7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 42 dias de idade. Para mensurar o turnover do carbono nos tecidos em determinado intervalo de tempo, foi utilizado o modelo sigmoidal de regressão de Boltzmann ou função exponencial do tempo. Os valores de meias-vidas foram: 2,5; 2,8; 2,9; 4,9; 5,1; 5,5 e 6,0 dias para músculo peitoral; 2,7; 2,9; 3,1; 4,6; 5,3; 4,1 e 8,0 dias para quilha; 4,4; 3,6; 5,4; 5,8; 4,3; 5,2 e 6,3 dias para tíbia e 1,3; 1,9; 1,4; 1,5; 1,9; 1,7 e 2,1 dias para fígado, nos tratamentos T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 e T7, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que a tíbia possui metabolismo lento e pode indicar o sinal isotópico das dietas iniciais da criação dos frangos de corte; e o fígado, metabolismo rápido, indicado para refletir a dieta próxima da fase de avaliação.

The aim of this study was to evaluate carbon turnover on muscle tissue Pectoralis major, keel, tibia and liver of poultry at different life stages using the carbon stable isotopes technique. 216 male chick lings (Cobb) were used. The trial was conduced in a totally random distribution consisting on seven treatments with distinct days for diet substitution (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days old). Either Boltzmann sigmoid regression or the exponential time function were used in order to measure the carbon isotopic turnover in a specific period of time. The half-life were: 2.5; 2.8; 2.9; 4.9; 5.1; 5.5 e 6.0 day on muscle tissue; 2.7; 2.9; 3.1; 4.6; 5.3; 4.1 e 8.0 day on keel; 4.4; 3.6; 5.4; 5.8; 4.3; 5.2 e 6.3 day on tibia and 1.3; 1.9; 1.4; 1.5; 1.9; 1.7 and 2.1 day on liver, for to treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 e T7 respectively. According to the results of this study, it is possible to conclude that the tibia has slowest metabolism and may indicate the isotopic signature of initial diets of poultry culture. The fast metabolism tissue, liver, is appropriated to reflect the diets fed at closer period of evaluation.

The experiment evaluated the influence of isolated or associated phytogenic additives (PA) and organic acids (OA) on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments (with or without PA × with or without OA + antibiotic performance enhancer and anticoccidial). In the first experiment, two metabolic tests were conducted to determine the metabolizability coefficients of the nutrients of starter and growth diets. In the second experiment, 2520 one-day-old chicks were housed in 40 experimental units to evaluate the performance and carcass characteristics. The phytogenic additives and organic acids, isolated or associated, improve the nutrient digestibility of the diet and replace the growth- promoting antibiotics. The use of organic acids isolated or associated with phytogenic additives in broiler diets improves broiler performance in comparison with free antibiotic performance enhancer at 42 days of age. Isolated or associated phytogenic additives and organic acids provided better carcass characteristics.

Objetivou-se com este estudo rastrear a inclusão de farinha de carne e ossos bovinos em dietas para poedeiras comerciais, por meio da análise dos ovos e de suas frações (gema e albúmen), pela técnica dos isótopos estáveis do carbono e nitrogênio e avaliar o índice analítico mínimo detectável. Foram utilizadas 240 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Shaver White de 73 semanas de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Foram avaliados cinco níveis de inclusão (0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%) de farinha de carne e ossos bovinos em uma dieta à base de milho e farelo de soja. No 35º dia, foram tomados aleatoriamente 24 ovos por tratamento: 12 serviram para amostragem de gema e albúmen e os outros 12 para amostragem do ovo (gema + albúmen). Os resultados isotópicos foram submetidos à análise multivariada de variância e, a partir das matrizes de erro, com 95% de confiança, foram determinadas elipses para identificar as diferenças entre os resultados obtidos com o fornecimento das dietas experimentais e a dieta controle, sem farinha de carne e ossos bovinos. No ovo e na gema, a partir do par isotópico da dieta com 3,0% de farinha de carne e ossos, houve diferenciação do par do tratamento controle, enquanto, no albúmen, a diferenciação ocorreu a partir do nível de 1,5% de farinha de carne e ossos bovinos na dieta. Pela técnica dos isótopos estáveis, é possível rastrear o uso de farinha de carne e ossos bovinos na alimentação de poedeiras; no albúmen, o nível mínimo de inclusão detectável é de 1,5% e, no ovo e na gema, 3,0%.

The objective of this study was to trace the inclusion of bovine meat and bones meal in diets of laying hens analyzing eggs and theirs fractions (yolk and albumen), by carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, as well as to evaluate the detectable analytical minimal index. Two hundred and forty (240) Shaver White laying hens aging 73 weeks were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and six replicates. Five increasing levels (0; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0%) of bovine meat and bones meal in a diet based on corn and soybean meal were evaluated. On the 35th day, 24 eggs per treatment were randomly collected, twelve for yolk and albumen sampling and another twelve for egg (yolk + albumen) sampling. The isotopic results were analyzed in a multivariate analysis of variance. Through an error matrix (95% confidence) the ellipses were determined to identify the differences between results obtained with supply of experimental diets and control diet, without 3% bovine meat and bones meal. In egg and yolk, from the isotopes pair of the diet with 3% bovine meat and bones meal, there was differentiation in the pair of the control treatment, whereas in the albumen it was possible to detect the 1.5 bovine meat and bones meal. The stable isotopes technique is able to trace the use of bovine meat and bones meal in laying hens feed; the minimal traceable level of inclusion is 1.5% in the albumen and 3.0% in the egg and yolk.

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o peso vivo, o peso de pernas, os aspectos morfológicos das fibras musculares do músculo flexor longo do hálux e o perfil eletroforético das miosinas de cadeia pesada de quatro linhagens de frangos de corte criados nos sistemas de confinamento e semiconfinamento. Foram utilizados 1.440 pintos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, composto de quatro linhagens (Ross 305, Máster Gris, Label Rouge e Vermelhão Pesado) e dois sistemas de criação (confinamento e semiconfinamento), cada combinação avaliada com quatro repetições. Aos 28 e 84 dias de idade, foram abatidas quatro aves por tratamento, totalizando 64 aves. A eletroforese identificou a presença das três isoformas de miosinas, tipo MyHC-I, MyHC-IIa e MyHC-IIb, no músculo flexor longo do hálux dos frangos de corte. Com aumento da idade, a isoforma de miosina MyHC-II aumenta, enquanto a MyHC-I diminui. Somente aos 84 dias de idade, a expressão das isoformas de miosina do tipo MyHC-II foram influenciadas pela linhagem, confirmando o reflexo da seleção na linhagem Ross no músculo mais glicolítico.A linhagem Ross apresenta maior peso vivo, peso de perna, peso e área do músculo flexor longo do hálux em comparação às linhagens tipo caipira.

The objective was to evaluate body weight, leg weight and morphologic aspects of the muscle fibers of the flexor hallucis longus muscle and electrophoretic profile of myosin heavy chain of four strains of broilers, reared in confinement and semi-confinement systems. 1440 chicks were randomly assigned in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement: four strains (Ross 305, Master Gris, Label Rouge and Vermelhao Pesado), two production systems (confinement and semi-confinement), with four replicates for each treatment. Four birds were sacrificed for each treatment, at 28 and 84 d, totaling 64 animals. Electrophoresis technique identified the presence of three myosin heavy chain types: MyHC-I, MyHC-IIa and MyHC-IIb, in the flexor hallucis longus muscle of the broilers. There was increase in MyHC-II and decrease in MyHC-I, as age passed. Only at 84 days-old was the MyHC-II expression influenced by strain, confirming a response of selection in Ross lineage on a more glycolytic muscle. The Ross lineage has higher live weight, leg weight, weight and area of the flexor hallucis longus, compared to different chicken strains.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da dieta suplementada com nucleotídeos sobre taxa de turnover da mucosa intestinal de frangos antes e após lesões causadas por coccidiose por meio de análise isotópica, utilizando a variação do carbono-13 em plantas C3 e C4. Foram utilizados 264 pintos submetidos a dois tratamentos: dieta controle e dieta suplementada com 0,07% nucleotídeos. Os pintos possuíam sinais isotópicos em seus tecidos semelhantes ao de ditas C4. Após o alojamento, para avaliar taxa de turnover da mucosa, as aves receberam dietas predominantemente C3. Com 16 dias de idade, 50% das aves de cada tratamento foram inoculadas com oocistos de Eimeria acervulina e, a partir de 21 dias, para avaliar a taxa de turnover após desafio, as aves passaram a receber dieta predominantemente C4. Amostras de mucosa foram analisadas isotopicamente por espectrometria de massa. Na fase inicial, a suplementação com nucleotídeos propiciou aceleração na troca do carbono na mucosa, com meia-vida de 1,06 e 1,01 dias para dieta controle e com nucleotídeos, respectivamente, acelerando o crescimento intestinal. Na fase de 21 a 42 dias de idade, para os grupos não desafiados com coccidiose, as meias-vidas do carbono foram 1,81 e 1,80 dias para dieta controle e com nucleotídeos, respectivamente, não havendo influência dos tratamentos. Porém, nos grupos desafiados, as meias-vidas foram 1,01 dias no grupo controle e 0,75 dias no que recebeu dieta com nucleotídeos, indicando maior turnover da mucosa nesse último grupo. A adição de nucleotídeos promove aceleração no processo de renovação da mucosa intestinal e na regeneração após danos causados por coccidiose.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of nucleotides supplementation diet on the intestinal mucosa turnover rate of broilers before and after injury caused by coccidiosis, through isotopic analysis, using the carbon-13 variation in C³ and C4 plants. It was used 264 chicks under two treatments: control diet and diet supplemented with 0.07% nucleotides. The chicks had isotopic signals in their tissues similar to C4 diet. After housing, to assess mucosal turnover rate, the birds were fed with a predominantly C3 diet. At 16 days of age, 50% of birds from each treatment were inoculated with Eimeria acervulina oocysts and starting from 21 days, to assess the mucosa turnover rate after challenge, the birds received predominantly C4 diet. Samples of intestinal mucosa were isotopically analyzed by mass spectrometry. In the initial phase, supplementation with nucleotides led acceleration in carbon trading in the mucosa, with half-lives of 1.06 and 1.01 days for control diet and with nucleotides, respectively, accelerating intestinal growth. During the 21 to 42 days of age, for not coccidiosis challenged groups, the carbon half-lives were 1.81 and 1.80 days for control diet and with nucleotides respectively, without any influence of the treatments. However, in the challenged groups, the half-lives were 1.01 days in control group and 0.75 days in group receiving nucleotides diet supplementetion, indicating a higher mucosa turnover rate in the latter group. The addition of nucleotides promotes acceleration in the cell renewal process of intestinal mucosa and in regeneration after damage caused by coccidiosis.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar a presença de farinha de vísceras de aves (FV) na alimentação de frangos de corte, por meio da análise de penas por isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C/12C) e nitrogênio (15N/14N) e espectrofotometria de massas. Setecentos e vinte pintos machos Cobb foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: ração vegetal (RV) à base de milho e farelo de soja, de 1 a 42 dias de idade; ração com 8% de farinha de vísceras de frango (FV), de 1 a 42 dias de idade; ração vegetal de 1 a 21 dias e ração com FV de 22 a 42 dias; ração vegetal de 1 a 35 dias e ração com FV de 36 a 42 dias; ração com FV de 1 a 21 dias, e ração vegetal de 22 a 42 dias; ração com FV de 1 a 35 dias, e ração vegetal de 36 a 42 dias. Foram colhidas amostras de penas de quatro aves por tratamento aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias de idade, que foram submetidas à análise isotópica de carbono (13C/12C) e nitrogênio (15N/14N) por espectrometria de massas. A aplicação da técnica dos isótopos estáveis de C e N a penas de frango de corte, após a utilização de farinha de vísceras na alimentação de frangos de corte, pelo período de até 21 dias, permite detectar a inclusão da FV na dieta.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of poultry viscera meal (VM) in the diet of broiler chikens, through the feather analyses by stable isotopes of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) and mass spectrophotometry. Seven hundred and twenty Cobb male broiler chicks were subjected to the following treatments: vegetable diet (VD) based on corn and soybean meal, from 1 to 42 days of age; diet with 8% poultry viscera meal (VM), from 1 to 42 days of age; vegetable diet from 1 to 21 days, and diet with VM from 22 to 42 days; vegetable diet from 1 to 35 days, and diet with VM from 36 to 42 days; diet with VM from 1 to 21 days and, and vegetable diet from 22 to 42 days; diet with VM from 1 to 35 days, and vegetable diet from 36 to 42 days. Feather samples were collected from four birds per treatment at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age, which were subjected to isotopic analysis for carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) by mass spectrometry. The use of the stable C and N isotope technique in feathers allow the VM detection in broiler chicken diet after 21 days of VM inclusion.

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça e das partes de quatro linhagens de frangos de corte criados em sistemas de confinamento e semiconfinamento. Foram utilizados 1.440 pintos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado com esquema fatorial 4 õ 2, composto de quatro linhagens (Ross 308, Máster Griss, Label Rouge e Vermelhão Pesado) e dois sistemas de criação (em confinamento e semiconfinamento), cada um com quatro repetições de 45 aves. Aos 84 dias de idade, foram abatidas quatro aves por repetição, totalizando 128 aves, para avaliação do rendimento de carcaça e das partes. O acesso ao piquete (semiconfinamento) não influenciou o desempenho nem o rendimento de carcaça das linhagens, exceto o rendimento de gordura abdominal, que foi mais baixo nas aves semiconfinadas. Considerando apenas aves das linhagens tipo colonial, a Máster Griss e Vermelhão Pesado tiveram melhores resultados de peso e a Label Rouge, melhor conversão alimentar. Os frangos tipo colonial Máster Griss, Label Rouge e Vermelhão Pesado, em comparação aos da linhagem comercial Ross, apresentaram maior rendimento de partes, exceto de peito e carne de peito, que foram maiores na linhagem Ross. A escolha da linhagem deve ser feita de acordo com o interesse de mercado, pois há diferenças no desempenho e no rendimento de carcaça e das partes.

The objective of this work was to evaluate performance and carcass and dressing yields of four broiler chicken lineages raised in confined and semi-confined systems. It was used 1,440 chicks distributed in a random block design with a 4 õ 2 factorial scheme, composed of lineage types (Ross 308, Máster Griss, Label Rouge and Vermelhão Pesado) and two production systems (confinement and semi-confinement), each one with four replications with 45 birds. At 84 days of age, four birds of each repetition were slaughtered, totaling 128 birds, for evaluation of carcass and dressing yields. Access to the paddock (semi-confinement) did not affect performance neither the yield of the carcass of the lineages, except abdominal fat yield, which was the lowest in the semi-confined birds. Considering only birds of colonial lineage, Máster Griss and Vermelhão Pesado showed the best results for weight and Label Rouge, the best feed intake. Broilers of Master Griss, Label Rouge and Vermelhão Pesado, compared to the Ross commercial lineage, showed the highest dressing yield, except for breast and breast meat, which were the highest in Ross lineage. Choice of lineage must be done accordingly to the market interest, since there are differences on performance and yield of dressing and carcass.

O efeito da temperatura e o efeito do enriquecimento do piso de gaiola sobre o bem-estar de coelhos em crescimento foram avaliados. Quarenta e oito coelhos do grupo genético Botucatu, desmamados aos 35 dias de idade, foram alojados em Câmara Climática, quatro por gaiola (1,00 x 0,60 x 0,40m), em 12 gaiolas que tinham (ou não) metade do piso coberto com cama de palha. As gaiolas foram instaladas metade em sala com temperatura ambiente e metade em sala resfriada. Os animais tiveram livre acesso à ração balanceada e à água nos dois tipos de piso. Para se avaliar o bem-estar, foram realizadas cinco observações de 24 horas cada, uma por semana, sendo registradas as freqüências dos comportamentos: lúdico, estereotipado, exploratório, cuidados corporais e interação e comparadas entre gaiolas enriquecidas ou não nas duas salas. A média de temperatura e a média de umidade relativa do ar foram: 23,6°C e 78,7% na sala natural e 20,6°C e 71,0% na sala resfriada. O comportamento lúdico foi mais freqüente nas gaiolas enriquecidas (7,6 vs 4,3% sala natural e 7,8 vs 3,8% sala resfriada, P<0,01) e as estereotipias foram mais freqüentes nas gaiolas sem enriquecimento (4,4 vs. 2,7% sala natural e 2,1 vs 1,1% sala resfriada, P>0,01). Coelhos mantidos em temperatura natural preferiram a grade à cama de palha (77,9 vs. 22,1%, P>0,01), enquanto na sala resfriada eles não mostraram preferência em relação ao piso (45,9 vs 54,1%, P=0,41). Em sala resfriada, o enriquecimento com palha favoreceu o bem-estar animal.

The effects of temperature and cage floor enrichment on the welfare of growing rabbits were evaluated. Forty-eight rabbits from the Botucatu genetic group, weaned at 35 days of age were housed in an Environmental Chamber, four per cage (1.00 x 0.60 x 0.40m), in 12 cages that had (or not) half of the floor covered with litter straw. The cages were housed half in a room temperature chamber and half in a refrigerated chamber. Animals had free access to a balanced feed and water in the two types of floor. In order to evaluate welfare, five 24-hour observations were carried out, one per week, to register the frequencies of the following behaviors: ludic, stereotypic, exploratory, self-grooming and interactions, and to compare them between enriched and non-enriched cages from the two chambers. The average temperatures and relative humidities were 23.6°C and 78.7% in the room temperature chamber and 20.6°C and 71.0% in the refrigerated chamber. The ludic behavior was more frequent in the enriched cages (7.6 vs. 4.3% Room Temperature Chamber and 7.8 vs. 3.8% Refrigerated Chamber, P<0.01) and the stereotypies in the non-enriched cages (4.4 vs. 2.7% Room Temperature Chamber and 2.1 vs 1.1% Refrigerated Chamber, P<0.01). Rabbits kept at room temperature preferred the wire net floor over the litter straw (77.9 vs. 22.1%, P<0.01), whereas in the refrigerated chamber they did not show preference regarding floor types (45.9 vs. 54.1%, P=0.41). In the refrigerated chamber, cage floor enrichment favored animal welfare.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar traços de farinha de carne e ossos bovinos, em ovos de poedeiras alimentadas com dietas comerciais com inclusão de ingredientes vegetais alternativos e leveduras. A detecção foi feita pela técnica dos isótopos estáveis do carbono e do nitrogênio. Foram utilizadas 384 poedeiras, distribuídas aleatoriamente em oito tratamentos. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta-controle - à base de milho e farelo de soja - e sete dietas com inclusão de farinha de carne e ossos bovinos, acrescidas ou não de outros ingredientes (farelo de trigo, quirera de arroz, farelo de algodão, glúten de milho, levedura de cana e levedura de cerveja). No 35º dia, foram tomados aleatoriamente 24 ovos por tratamento: 12 para análise de ovo e 12 para análise de gema e albúmen, em separado. Após análise isotópica de carbono e nitrogênio, os resultados foram submetidos à análise multivariada de variância. As médias dos pares isotópicos dos ovos, gema e albúmen, em todos os tratamentos, diferiram daquelas do tratamento-controle. A técnica dos isótopos estáveis permite detectar, nos ovos, gema e albúmen, a farinha de carne e ossos bovinos utilizada na dieta de poedeiras, mesmo com a inclusão de outros ingredientes vegetais e leveduras.

The objective of this work was to detect traces of the bovine meat and bones meal in eggs of laying hens fed on commercial diets including alternative plant ingredients and yeast. The bovine meal detection was performed through carbon and nitrogen stable isotope technique. Three hundred eighty-four laying hens were randomly distributed in eight treatments. Treatments consisted of one control diet - a corn-and-soybean based meal - and seven diets with bovine meat and bone meal, including or not other ingredients (wheat bran, rice, cottonseed meal, corn gluten meal, sugarcane yeast and brewer yeast). At the 35th day, 24 eggs per treatment were randomly collected, 12 for egg analyses and 12 for yolk and albumen analyses. After isotopic analysis of carbon and nitrogen, the results were submitted to multivariate analysis of variance. The average isotopic pairs of egg, yolk and albumen of all treatments differed from those of the control. The stable isotope technique allowed detection of bovine meat and bone meal in eggs, yolk and albumen, produced by laying hens fed on diets with inclusion of plant ingredients and yeast.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi rastrear a inclussão de farinhas de origem animal em rações para frango de corte com ou sem levedura de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo, por meio da análise do músculo peitoral das aves pelas técnicas dos isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio. Foram utilizados 210 pintos machos (Cobb), com um dia de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em sete tratamentos de 30 aves cada, tendo sido um tratamento controle (dieta vegetal) e seis com inclusão de farinha de carne e ossos bovina ou farinha de vísceras de aves na dieta, com ou sem levedura de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo. Aos 42 dias de idade, foram abatidas quatro aves, por tratamento, escolhidas ao acaso, cujo músculo peitoral foi retirado para análise da razão isotópica. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise multivariada. Os tratamentos experimentais diferiram do tratamento controle, e foi identificada a inclusão de farinha de origem animal, pelas técnicas dos isótopos estáveis, mesmo com inclusão de levedura ou farelo de trigo na dieta.

The aim of this paper was to trace the presence of meals from animal origin, in diets for broilers with or without yeast and wheat meal, through the analysis of breast muscle, by using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope techniques. Two hundred ten male chicks (Cobb) one-day old were randomly distributed to seven treatments (30 birds each), with a control diet (exclusively vegetal), and six diets containing meat and bone meal or poultry offal meal, with or without yeast and wheat meal in their compositions. At 42 days of age, four broilers randomly chosen, by treatment were slaughtered, and their breast muscles were collected for isotopic ratio analysis. The isotopic results were analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis of variance. The treatments differed from the control and the inclusion of meals of animal origin was identified by stable isotope techniques, even when there was yeast or wheat meal included in the diet.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da inclusão de enzima e simbiótico nas rações de frangos de corte criados nos sistemas convencional e alternativo sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, cortes e gordura abdominal e também avaliar economicamente o uso destes aditivos em ambos os sistemas de criação. Foram utilizados 720 pintos machos Cobb, com um dia de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados no esquema fatorial 2x3, com dois sistemas de criação: convencional (com promotor de crescimento) e alternativo (sem promotor de crescimento) e três aditivos: sem outro aditivo (SA), com simbiótico (SI) e com enzima + simbiótico (SIE), com 4 repetições de 30 aves cada. Aos 42 dias de idade, o fator de produção (FP) foi menor (P<0,05) para aves SA (324), quando comparadas às tratadas com SI (334) e SIE (337). Aves criadas no sistema convencional apresentaram maior (P<0,05) FP (338), quando comparadas às do sistema de criação alternativo (325). No sistema alternativo, a conversão alimentar foi melhor (P<0,05) para aves SI (1,77), quando comparadas às SIE (1,82) e SA (1,85). O uso de SI e SIE favorece o desempenho dos frangos aos 42 dias de idade e não influencia o rendimento de carcaça, cortes e gordura abdominal, tanto no sistema convencional como no alternativo, sendo que estes aditivos aumentam os custos de produção em ambos os sistemas. O sistema alternativo de criação proporciona maior retorno econômico, apesar do menor fator de produção.

This research was aimed at evaluating the effects of enzyme and symbiotic inclusion in broilers diets bred in conventional and alternative systems on performance, carcass yield, cuts, abdominal fat and economic return these additives in both breeding systems. 720 one-day old male Cobb chicks were distributed in randomized blocks design according to a 2x3 factorial, two breeding systems: conventional (with growth promoter) and alternative (no growth promoter) and three additives: no additive (NA), symbiotic (SY) and symbiotic + enzyme (SYE), with four replicates of 30 broilers each. At 42 days old, the production factor (PF) was lower in NA broiler chickens (324) as broiler chickens supplemented with SY (334) and SYE (337). Broiler bred in conventional system showed higher PF (338) as broilers bred in alternative system (325). In alternative breeding system, the feed conversion was better in SY broilers (1.77) as SYE (1.82) and NA (1.85) broilers. The SY and SYE use improve the performance of broiler chickens at 42 days old and it doesn’t affect carcass yield, cuts, and abdominal fat, in conventional or alternative system; moreover these additives increase production costs in both systems. Alternative system provide higher economic return, despite of lower production factor.